Write an essay that shows your knowledge of how energy is captured, used, and transferred in biology.
How does consumption of nutrients result in usable energy for an organism? Why do autotrophs need mitochondria? Why must organisms constantly acquire energy in order to survive?
How does the structure of a molecule, such as enzyme, contribute to its function? Does disruption of structure negatively affect biological function? Give an example. How do the shape of cellular organelles help them to perform the functions necessary for a cell to survive? How does the shape of a particular organ (e.g. kidney, heart) or other parts of an organism (e.g. plant leaves or roots, animal teeth) fit its function?
Write an 800 word essay (400 words on film techniques and 400 words on the soundtrack) arguing the relative merits and/or failures of the film in terms of the soundtrack and editing.
Assignment: Selection of Your Final Research Paper Topic
of FINAL RESEARCH PAPER: You will be required to submit, via online submission, one Final Research Paper that must be double-spaced, typed (4-5 pages or 5 pages maximum length), and is worth 200 total possible points. Margins around the page must be no more than 1 inch and the font size must be 12, while the typescript can be of your choosing with the exception of the all-capitals typescript which is inappropriate for academic writing since lower-case letters must be distinguished from upper-case letters in formal academic writing. Cite reference sources in the form of footnotes as appropriate and include a bibliography. Present your paper in MLA format.Final Research paper topic:
Is this zero tolerance policy justified, warranted and humane in light of U.S. national security considerations? Is there an alternative way of satisfying hypothetical national security concerns which is effective yet more humanely sensitive.
Provide a brief description of a program/intervention that could be implemented to address the issues. 20 marks will be allocated as follows: 1. A clear description of the sub-population of interest: Adolescents and teens.
(5 marks) 2. Identification and discussion of disproportionate health problems in the chosen population: obesity and eating disorders.
(5 marks)3. A brief description of a program that you would implement to address the issues
(5 marks) 4. APA style, grammar and spelling
(5 marks) 5. The inclusion of at least 2 journal articles
(2 marks)
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can cause non-specific toxicity in tissues that have a high rate of cell division such as the mouth and bone marrow, unfortunately, this leads to more adverse effects in these tissues (2) .
Oral cavity and oral mucositis:
It is estimated that more than 600 species of bacteria in the oral cavity are resident (3). Oral microbial flora consists of both types of Gram-negative and positive bacteria. Induction and intensification of inflammatory processes and the formation of ulcers are caused by gram-negative bacteria.Oral microbial flora prevents colonization of exogenous organisms through several mechanisms such as competition for ligands and receptors which are essential for attachment for colonization (4). Pediatric populations differ from adults in their resident oral ora, and likely in their response to chemotherapeutic regimens. Most of the oral bacterial changes noted in the pediatric studies involved Gram-positive Streptococci and Staphylococci, whereas in the studies of adults, most changes involved Gram-negative organisms such as Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas sp (5).
Oral mucositis is the most frequent side effect after radio/chemotherapy in cancer patients especially in head and neck cancer (HNC), and is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the mouth (6). Highest incidence of oral mucositis is occurred in HNC patients that are between 85-100%. Up to now, several grading scales have been suggested for diagnosis and evaluation of oral mucositis; that most commonly used scales are the World Health Organization (WHO) scale and the National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) (7).
Pathobiology of oral mucositis due to Radio/chemotherapy:
A 5-Step Plan to explain the biological processes during oral mucositis has been proposed by Sonis ST. These phases including initiation, message generation, signaling and amplification, ulceration and healing phase (8).
The rational use for radiotherapy in cancer is that tumor cells with high division index undergoing apoptosis in response to DNA damage induced by radiation, but slowly dividing cells are less affected. After DNA double strands breaks induced by radiation, molecular cascade started with ROS generation due to interaction of ionizing radiation and other atoms or molecules in the cell (initiation phase) (9). As previously mentioned, message generation is second phase of oral mucositis. Previously studies indicated that ROS and DNA damage rapidly stimulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B) activity, as one major inammatory mediator. The NF-B family consists of five transcription factors including RELA (p65), c-BEL, RELB, NF-B1 (p50/p105), and NF-B2 (p52/p100), that plays key roles in the immune system and in inflammation as well as in regulation of proliferation and survival (10). NF-B plays a central role in the development of oral mucositis, results in up-regulation of the several transcription genes involved in mucositis.
TNF, interleukins, chemokines, COX-2, 5-LOX, and MMP-9 are all regulated via NF-kB. In unstimulated cells, NF-B proteins are connected to inhibitory IB proteins that preserve NF-B in an inactive state in the cytosol. TNF and Toll-like receptors Activation lead to recruitment of adaptor proteins that activate the IB kinase, which phosphorylates IB. Following the phosphorylation IB targets by the proteasome for ubiquitination and degradation. Released NF-B translocate to the nucleus and induce expression of its target genes such as TNF-, IL-1 and IL-6,cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, MMP, and VEGF (11, 12). As a result of these responses a biologic process has been started that leads to mucosal injury.
As well as ionizing radiation, several chemotherapeutic agents increased activity of NF-B, such as anthracyclines, paclitaxel, cisplatin, melphalan, and bleomycin. But contrary aforementioned compounds 5-Fluorouracil leads to reduced activity of NF-B by mediating the upregulation of IB-a. In third phase produced cytokines amplify the primary signals and leading to activation of various transcription genes such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (13). The role of COX-2 in initiation of the inammatory cascade previously indicates. , and demonstrated that its signaling increased the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1 and 3. Ultimately, ulceration phase occurred as a result of direct and indirect mechanisms that mentioned above. In this phase due to breakdown of the mucosa, colonization of Gram-negative organisms and yeast on the surface of ulcer occurred, that provides a rich source of cell wall products including lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid, cell wall antigens, and -glucans (8). These agents increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this phase clinically significant pain is appeared. Healing is a final phase that occurred in oral mucositis due to radio/chemotherapy. However in the most of cases healing process happened spontaneously after cancer therapy is ceased. Normally, this phase lasts for 12 to 16 days (14).
Prevention or treatment opportunities:
Antimicrobial agents:
In cancer patient main cause of oral mucositis development is colonization of bacteria. These bacteria include both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp) and Gram-positive (coagulase-negative staphylococci and Enterococcus) and fungi. Until now several compounds have been used for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis induced infections (15).
1- Chlorhexidine: Chlorhexidine gluconate is a compound with a hexamethylene bridge and terminal 4-chlorophenyl groups, which widely used in dentistry. This substance (as a mouthwash, at concentrations below 0.12% and 0.2%) not only produces of protective barrier against mucosal damage but have antibacterial and fungicide effects. The anti-bacterial mechanism of Chlorhexidine gluconate includes binding of the positively charged molecules to the negatively charged bacterial cell wall, which leads to disruption of membrane transport. However, several researchers believed that effectiveness of Chlorhexidine solution varies from reducing oral mucositis to no effects. Although it has some disadvantages such as the discoloration of teeth, the bitter taste, and the unpleasant sensation. In spite of that MASCC/ISOO suggested that Chlorhexidine not to be used to prophylaxis of oral mucositis in patients with solid tumors of the head and neck who are undergoing radiotherapy (16, 17).
2- Antiviral agents: acyclovir has been the first-line treatment for herpes simplex virus infections and in addition to its used for treatment of varicella zoster (chickenpox). Within infected cell, acyclovir is phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase that leads to produce of triphosphate derivative of acyclovir. Due to transportation of this compound to the nucleus, DNA polymerase of virus is inhibited. Valacyclovir and Famciclovir in compared to acyclovir have higher bioavailability (approximately 10-fold).
3- Antifungal agents:
3-1. Polyene antifungal: Nystatin and amphotricin B are polyene antifungal agents that after interaction with ergosterols in fungal cell membranes lead to increase of permability that lead to K+ leakage, acidification, and death of the fungus. However is toxic when given systemically, but is not absorbed from the gut, it is safe for oral use and does not have problems of drug interaction (18).
3-2. Azole antifungal:
3-2-1. Clotrimazole, which as well as fungistatic activity has anti-staphylococcal activity. Troche or throat lozenge preparations are used for oropharyngeal candidiasis (oral thrush) or prophylaxis against oral thrush in neutropenic patients. It binds to phospholipids in the cell membrane and inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol and other sterols required for cell membrane production. Although systemic absorption of clotrimazole is limit, but similar to other azoles it is a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor primarily CYP3A4 and may cause of elevation serum levels of several.
3-2-2. Fluconazole is a first-generation triazole antifungal medication. It is a safe oral antifungal agent with a favorable spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic prole. fluconazole inhibits the fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme 14-demethylase. This inhibition prevents the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cytoplasmic membrane, and subsequent accumulation of 14-methyl sterols. Previously studies reported that Candida colonization in head-and-neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy as high as 75%. In addition Fluconazole is a current standard treatment for patients with oral candidiasis(19). Chlorhexidine gluconate rinse that described previous also has antifungal activity but cannot be swallowed (18).
4- Iseganan (IB 367, protegrin IB 367): is a synthetic protegrin (structural analog of protegrin-1), with broad-spectrum microbial activity for the treatment and prevention of oral mucositis. Its targets includes of Gram-negative and positive bacteria as well as Candida albicans. The main mechanism of Iseganan is binding to lipid membrane of pathogen and disruption of membrane integrity. Iseganan as a cationic antimicrobial peptide has rapid microbicidal activity in saliva. Up to now several studies carried out to evaluate its protective effects of this against oral mucositis in cancer patients. Gilles and et al indicated that treatment with oral iseganan mouthrinse (9 mg/dose) six times a day failed to prevent or reduce stomatitis, ulcerative oral mucositis, or its clinical sequelae relative to a placebo (20). Similar results was obtained by Trotti and collegeous (21), based on these results, development of Intrabiotics for this purpose abandoned (22).
5- Povidone-iodine: The broad antimicrobial spectrum of povidoneiodine is well documented. This compound is a combination of molecular iodine and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The bactericidal component is free iodine, and its levels are dependent on the concentration of the povidoneiodine solution (23).
Adamietz and et al indicated that povidone-iodine significantly reduced severity and incidence of radiotherapy induced oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients (24). Similar results obtained by Rahn and colleagues, their showed that povidone-iodine reduced incidence of OM as compared to rinsing with sterile water (n=20 in each group)(25).
6- Other6-1. Triclosan: Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol), a xenoestrogen, is a broad-spectrum antibacterial compound and prevalently used in cosmetics, dentifrices, soap, and other consumer products (26).the mechanism of triclosan is destroy of bacterial cell membranes. In addition indicated that triclosan works by blocking lipid synthesis in Escherichia coli by inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase from type II bacterial fatty acid synthesis (27).
Unfortunately recently demonsterated that triclosan may play a role in cancer development, due to estrogenicity or ability to inhibit fatty acid synthesis (26).
Satheeshkumar and et al showed that triclosan in compared to sodium bicarbonate is more effective in reduction of oral mucositis in head aneck cancer patients that were undergoing of radiotherapy (28).6-2. Kefir: is a fermented dairy beverage that produced by bacteria and yeast that in kefir grains. Several components have been detected in the kefir. Due to kefir fermentation main compounds that produced include lactic acid, ethanol and CO2, which are responsible for viscosity, acidity and low alcohol content of this beverage. Various studies demonstrated that kefir and its constituents have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (29). In one study that carried out by Topuz and colleagues they concluded that there was no significant effect between kefir and control groups for reduction of chemotherapy induced oral mucositis (30).
7- Antibiotic lozenge/paste:7-1. PTA: The combination of polymyxin 2 mg, tobramycin 1.8 mg, and amphotericin B 10 mg known as PTA. With consideration to this fact that etiology of oral mucositis in cancer patients mostly is gram-negative bacteria, thus PTA is used for prevention and treatment of this side effect.
Polymyxins are produced by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus polymyxa and are selectively toxic for gram-negative bacteria. In addition to Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly gram-negative infections. Up to now several studies conducted for evaluation of PTA in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Although initial pilot studies on PTA recommended that the potential efficacy of this combination, but subsequent larger well-controlled studies clearly indicated that topical use of PTA did not prevent oral mucositis or reduce its severity (31). 7-2. BCoG: this product is cheaper than PTA and includes of bacitracin 6 mg, clotrimazole 10 mg, and gentamicin 4 mg. The BCoG lozenge is active against gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli, and yeast micro-organisms (32). Table 1 summarizes several of anti microbial agents until now are used for prevention and treatment of mucositis.Anti-inflammatory agents:As described in 2 and 3 phases of oral mucositis the consequent activation of transcription factors eventually leads to the upregulation of genes coding for inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-1, NF-B and IL-6, which results in increased tissue injury in all compartments of the mucosa (33).Due to the fact that cytotoxic and radiotherapy for head and neck cancers induced prominent changes in epithelium and mucosa, thus use of anti inflammatory agent could be a strategy for amelioration of radiation-induced oral mucositis (34, 35). 1- BenzydamineBenzydamine hydrochloride is a nonsteroidal anti-inammatory drug (NSAID) that has shown topical anti-inammatory, analgesic, anesthetic, and antimicrobial activities (36). Previous studies demonstrated that this agent has anti-TNF alpha, anti-inflammatory effects in addition to acts as membrane stabilizer (37). Until now several studies indicated that benzydamine hydrochloride has prominent role in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis. Recently Sheibani and their colleagues demonstrated that benzydamine hydrochloride significantly decreased oral mucositis and its complication in head and neck cancer patients (38). However sometimes there are inconsistent results about its efficacy. For instance Lalla and colleagues found that benzydamine hydrochloride could not decreased oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patient who are received radiotherapy (39).
2- MisoprostolMisoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analog, has anti-inflammatory and mucosa-protecting effects. Protective effect of this agent against oral mucositis derived from its cytoprotective and radioprotective propertice (40). In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study that carried out by Lalla and colleagues 22 patients randomized to misoprostol rinse and 26 patients randomized to placebo rinse. Their results indicated that no significant difference between the two groups in mucositis or pain severity (41). In another study that conducted by Duenas-Gonzalez and et al, their demonstrated that the incidence and severity of oral mucositis was increased in patients who treated with misoprostol tablets when compared with the placebo control group (42). 3- Other Diphenhydramine is an inverse agonist of the histamine H1 receptor. Diphenhydramine in combination with variety of mouthwashes with mixed actions have been evaluated. Rothwell and colleagues indicated that combination of diphenhydramine with hydrocortisone, nystatin, and tetracycline significantly decresed oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients (43). However in other studies that conducted by Carnel and Barker no significant difference between control and diphenhydramine groups was found (44, 45).As mentioned in the pathophysiology of oral mucositis, The COX pathway is an important pathway involved in mediating the inflammatory response. arachidonic acid converted to Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), which this process mediated by COX-1 and COX-2. That followed by conversion of PGH2 to PGE2 by PGE synthase and into PGI2 by prostacyclin synthase (46).
Lalla and colleagues conducted a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial up to evaluation of protective role of Celecoxib on radiotherapy induced oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients. Their results indicated that Daily use of Celecoxib, during period of radiotherapy, did not reduce the severity of clinical oral mucositis, pain, dietary compromise or use of opioid analgesics (47). In another study similar result obtained by Haagen and et al. their showed that TNF- inhibiting antibody (Iniximab) or a COX-2 inhibitor (Celecoxib) could not reduced radiation induced oral mucositis (34). Porteder and et al demonstrated that PGE2 is capable to reduce oral mucositis and pain in cancer patients who received chemoradiotherapy (48). But this results are not confirmed in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-Controlled study that carried out by Labar and colleagues (49). Corticosteroids are other anti inflammatory agents, which used for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Betamethasone rinse could decrease oral mucositis in all of patients who are received radiotherapy but in prospective, randomized, and controlled trial that conducted by Leborgne and colleagues on 32 head and neck cancer patients, prednisone did not reduce the intensity or duration of oral mucositis (50, 51).In addition to mentioned compound several anti inflammatory agents until now are used for prevention and treatment of mucositis that you can see these details in table 2.
Philosophy 240 EthicsThird Paper: Organ Conscription and Ethical TheoryDue on Canvas: Tuesday, Dec 11 at 12:00 p.m. (noon) IntroductionTransplantation of vital organs began very experimentally in the 1950s and 1960s, but today it is well beyond the stage of medical experiment. Today transplantation of the kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, and intestine (along with some other organs) is routine. From the start the procedures raised some ethical problems, some related to the fact that the demand for vital organs outpaces the supply. The majority of transplanted organs come from deceased donors. The problems are that only about 3 in 1,000 people die in a way that allows for organ donation, and only 48 percent of adults in the U.S. are signed up to be donors. Thus many organs that could be used are either buried or burned (cremation) because the deceased wasnt a donor or the family of the deceased refused donation. The result is that 22 people a day die waiting for a transplant, which is over 8,000 people a year. Organ ConscriptionThere are a number of proposals for solving this problem and creating a bigger supply of available organs, and therefore saving many lives. One of the more controversial is called organ conscription, which would require that every person who dies under the circumstances enabling organ transplantation would have their organs removed. That is, each person would become a donor whether or not while living they consented to be a donor, and whether or not their family consents. Like a military draft, this would be a draft of organs from deceased people. Hence the name: conscription. If implemented this policy would immediately raise the number of available organs and save many lives (for the purposes of your paper, lets assume that the number of people who die waiting for an organ will be cut from 8,000 a year to zero). And under conscription there would be no need for expensive ongoing public education programs, no need to train requesters, and no need to maintain donor registries. All of these facts mean that money and resources would be freed up for use in other areas of health care. Some morally relevant factors to help get your thinking started:Common sense morality and moral tradition in most cultures holds that the living not only have strong claims over their bodies while living, but also over what happens to their bodies after they die.
Supporters of conscription claim that the dead do not have interests, do not have rights, cannot be harmed, and therefore have no valid claims over their body after they die. They add that the policy is fair, since it would apply to all and everyone would be treated in the same way.
Instructions: write a paper of 900 to 1,300 words on the ethics of organ conscription that answers the following questions: Explain your own stance regarding this policy. Do you support it and believe it is morally permissible, or are you opposed to it and believe it to be morally wrong? Briefly your reasons for your view.
Very briefly explain Kants moral theory. Then do the following three things:
Using the second formulation of the categorical imperative (and the idea of autonomy) construct the best Kantian argument in support of organ conscription
Using the second formulation of the categorical imperative (and the idea of autonomy) construct the best Kantian argument against organ conscription
Since were talking about a policy issue, it will be easier to work with rule utilitarianism instead of using act utilitarianism.
Which theory best answers the question Is a policy of organ conscription morally right to enact as law? and why?
The written report should address the biological study of a specific behavioral or mental phenomenon (normal or pathological) covered in your assigned readings and/or videos. You should select a behavioral or mental phenomenon (e.g., language, schizophrenia) and then select a biological strategy (e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters, physiology, imaging).
As an example, the theme of your report might be imaging approaches to the study of schizophrenia. Your paper should summarize fundamental issues, questions, and controversies and provide a general overview of the topic. It should also elaborate on your understanding of the brain processes that are revealed through imaging research in schizophrenia. To accomplish this, you will have to use research articles to illustrate relevant points. You may use any of a number of resources to find research articles that deal with your topic, including the library and the Internet.
This paper is not a “commentary” or “editorial” style paper, but rather a formal research paper using scientific references as the basis for your topic. Personal experience, while sometimes relevant, should not be included for this assignment unless these experiences are linked to course concepts and the brain. Also, you should avoid using personal pronouns such as “I” or “myself” in this type of paper.
The requirement for the research articles that you select is that they must have appeared in a peer-reviewed (i.e., refereed) scientific journal. (Please contact your instructor to confirm whether a particular journal is peer-reviewed.)
You must use at minimum two peer-reviewed scientific articles and they must be recent, i.e., have appeared in the literature no earlier than 2006. You might use the online databases from MEDLINE and PSYCH ABSTRACTS as a source of full-text articles from refereed journals. Newspaper or magazine articles should not be used as your major reference, but can be useful if they lead you to the appropriate research article. You should avoid simply repeating the articles in summary form; rather, use them within the text of your paper to illustrate important points.
To ensure that you are on the right track, you will need to post your paper topic in the Paper Topic Discussion area during Week 2; this discussion area should be used as a place to brainstorm your topic, so ideas, but not full topics, are allowed to be submitted and we will work together to formulate them into a topic. Post early in the week so we have enough time to work through and secure your topic. Your topic must be approved by me by the end of Week 2 for you to be able to submit your paper. Any student without an approved paper topic will not be allowed to submit the final paper.
Your paper is to be 6 to 9 pages, or about 1,800 words in length (abstract and body of paper), excluding the title page and references.
It must be typed (12 pt font), double-spaced, with one-inch margins, and fully referenced in APA format (see http://www.apa.org).
Check the course schedule for your due date. Late papers submitted without written notice to me will not be accepted. If you have an issue meeting the deadline for the paper, you need to email me first before submitting the paper late. After you are approved to submit the paper late, a 5-point deduction will be applied for every day the paper is late. NO papers will be accepted (regardless of emails about late submissions) after 11:59PM eastern on the final day of the semester.
In the event of an emergency or illness, please contact me to determine a new submission date for your paper; appropriate documentation, such as a doctor’s note, etc. is required.
APA format general guidelines
Four main paper sections:
Title page: is required and a page header (or running head) is required to appear on each page in the header section. Do not place the header in top portion of the text of your paper, it must be in the header section in the word document.
Abstract: The text of your paper should be preceded by an abstract (about 100-200 words) that summarizes the key points in the paper (i.e., statement of problem, major findings, conclusion). All abstracts will be posted in a discussion during the final week of class for all students to review. You should respond to these abstracts to stimulate discussion. Your responses will be evaluated and will constitute part of your grade for online conference participation during Week 8.
Body: is the text of your paper that should include an introduction and conclusion. Properly formatted in-text citations are REQUIRED. Papers without properly formatted in-text citations will receive a grade of zero.
**No quoted material is allowed in the final paper. All references must be paraphrased. The inclusion of quoted material will result in a 30 point deduction from your final paper grade.**
References: appear on the final page(s) of the document. The list needs to be in alphabetical order and indented according to APA standards. Further, all pertinent information must be included for each reference, including volume numbers, issue numbers, authors, etc. Any reference that appears in this list MUST also be cited in-text and any reference cited in-text MUST also appear in the reference list. The lack of APA formatting for the reference list will result in the grade of zero for the paper. If you are unsure of how to format references in APA, please consult the latest edition of the APA manual, the UMUC library and/or Effective Writing Center, or the Purdue Online Writing lab (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/).
The paper will be graded on (1) content and understanding, (2) how effectively you have communicated your ideas in writing, (3) you adherence to APA standards, (4) and the proper use of primary source material. You will receive a separate grade for each of these elements, weighted equally. Content and understanding are evaluated on the basis of whether the paper (a) identified important issues, questions, and controversies; (b) used recent and relevant research literature to illustrate the issues; and (c) demonstrated an understanding of brain processes and how brain research revealed an understanding of the behavior in question. Effective communication is evaluated on the basis of (a) organization and structure that help communicate the ideas (e.g., headings throughout the text), (b) use of your own language and style (no cutting and pasting), (c) connecting ideas in the text with research papers, and (d) correct usage of APA format in the text and references.
If you would like to view an example paper formatted in APA, please see this page on the Purdue Online Writing Laboratory’s website.
Your paper is to be submitted in Microsoft Word format (e.g., .doc, .docx file) and formatted in APA style (please consult the APA Style Manual, sixth edition, for proper format). Additional resources for APA style include the UMUC library and/or the UMUC Effective Writing Center and the Purdue Online Writing lab.Papers not in Word file format and APA style will not be accepted for a grade; in this case, a grade of “zero” will be assigned for the paper.
You can download Open Office for free to type your paper. Save your Open Office document as .doc or .docx. Here are instructions for how to save an Open Office document as a Word file. Files saved as .odt will not be accepted – please follow the instructions above to save your .odt file as a Word doc (e.g., .doc, .docx).
It is highly advised that you take care to use proper APA style. If you have technical issues related to Word, please notify me immediately so that an appropriate solution can be found.
You are highly encouraged to submit a draft of your complete or near complete paper to the Effective Writing Center (EWC) (located on the drop-down menu on the left side of the screen; under “Course Content,” click on “Writing Resources”) for review and comment, prior to the due date of the paper. This should be submitted well in advance of the due date, in order for the EWC to respond and for you to make the necessary corrections. Once you receive feedback from the EWC, you can copy and paste it into a Word Document, then post it in your assignment folder with your final paper by the due date, for your instructor to view as necessary. The EWC can help address questions regarding format, structure, writing style, and appropriateness of references.
What does the author suggest is important for his/her readers to consider. Summary should be proportional to the authors interests. What is the flow or outline of the argument or its main message. Do not rely on block quotations, but include brief illustrative quotations, since you are attempting to summarize as briefly as possible the authors arguments, points, or story.
Are post-nature accounts of environmental ethics a helpful advance? Answer this question with reference to Wapners Living Through the End of Nature. Answer these question only using that reference. Also make the thesis statement in bold text.