Read an article and summarize the main points of the reading while also describing the main issues and use outside sources
in Book One of Platos Republic, Thrasymachus makes two arguments against justice. Would Thomas Hobbes agree?
F) Rate the degree of damage caused by the disease. G) Amount of cases per year H) Any creative additions
Then support you analysis with evidence from the story ( so you must create a THEME with fear as the SUBJECT, ACTION VERB, THEN OVERALL EFFECT). Find TWO MAJOR REASONS from the story that prove the overall effect of fear, and 3 SPECIFIC EVENTS from the story as examples of those reasons. You must write a brief description of the event and the page number on which it occurs.
Overview
If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday.
Your second longer term assignment in this course is to complete a research plan and introduction. The work you did on the Topic Exploration Worksheet in Theme 1 will directly support your work on this project as well as your third longer term projectthe multimedia presentationdue in Theme 4.
One of the prime benefits of studying history is that it allows us to learn about who we are and where we came from. The people and events of the past can often shed light on the conditions and social norms of the present. Having historical awareness can inform various aspects of your life as well as future aspirations. Learning from past failures and successes can shape ideals and values for years to come.
This is your second longer term project designed to help you understand the fundamental processes and value of studying history. In the first project, you completed the Topic Exploration Worksheet on one of the topics or themes from the research kit. You investigated the types of research you might need to do to learn more about the topic and developed research questions. In Project 2, you will use your completed Topic Exploration Worksheet to complete a research plan and introduction. You will choose one of your research questions and do some secondary source research, speculate on primary source needs, and use the information to write the introduction and thesis statement for a possible research paper. Be sure to only use the sources provided in the research kit for your chosen topic. (You will not write the entire paperonly the introduction). In the third project, you will create a multimedia presentation that explores both major developments in historical inquiry as well as the value of examining history.
This research plan and introduction assignment will assess the following course outcome, which you focused on throughout Theme 3:
Prompt
In this project, you will write the introductory paragraph of a history paper based on one of the questions you identified in your topic exploration worksheet. To do this, however, you must first find out a bit more information about your topic and draft a research plan. This will allow you to transform your question about your topic into a thesis statement, as well as give you the background information you will need to craft an interesting introductory paragraph. You will not write the entire paper, just the introduction to the paper that concludes with a thesis statement. The following critical elements will be assessed in a Word document of 35 pages that combines both your research plan (Critical Elements I-II) and your introduction (Critical Element III).
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
Pearl Buck
2. Identify the elements of a well-designed clinical trial. (EOC 2.A, Level 1)
3. Demonstrate the ability to critically evaluate primary literature. (EOC 6.B, Level 1)
4. Respond professionally and appropriately to Drug Information requests. (EOC 5.A-C, Level 1)
Writing Level
You will need to prepare a written response for a typical drug information question. Your topic will be written in the form of a question that the physician has asked you. You will write the response at a level appropriate to give to a physician requesting the information. Therefore, for the purposes of this exercise, assume that a physician has asked you the question and requested a written reply, i.e., you will write at a level appropriate for a health care professional. This means that you can and should use highly technical words.
Reference Sources
You will need to use at a minimum 3 references, one or two sources from the primary literature and one or two sources from the tertiary literature. It is traditional and logical to use the tertiary literature when preparing your introduction, and primary literature when writing the body of your reply. You will need to use a secondary (indexing) source such as PubMed or Google Scholar to identify a primary literature reference.
The tertiary literature you use should be from reliable databases, either from a drug database, such as LexiComp or Facts and Comparisons, or from a disease database, such as Harrison’s Internal Medicine (on AccessPharmacy). Any of the resources noted in the textbook chapter on tertiary resources are reasonable candidates for additional references in the introduction. Also good for additional resources in the introduction are the web sites of disease state foundations/organizations, such as the American Diabetes Association (if your topic is related to diabetes), web sites from government organizations such as the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and recent comprehensive disease reviews from the medical literature (you can find these via PubMed).
In order to locate primary literature (for the body of your paper) you will need to use PubMed or another indexing (secondary) source (Academic Search Complete via http://libguides.wmcarey.edu/pharmacy ) and you must indicate at the end of each primary reference which secondary source you used to locate that reference. The primary literature you locate will be studies. A study is any kind of experimental investigation. Preferably one of the studies would be a clinical trial. A clinical trial is a specific type of study, done specifically in humans, where investigators assign some subjects to a specific treatment and other subjects to a control (such as a placebo or another drug). This may not be possible or appropriate for all drug information questions.Length, Style, Formatting
The finished paper should be 1-2 pages in length and typed double-spaced in 12-point font. The question should appear at the top of your paper. The paper then should contain an introduction (describing the drug or disease state in question), the body of the paper (including one paragraph for each study you review), a summary or conclusion paragraph (where you summarize the evidence, answer the question, and provide appropriate and specific recommendations), and your reference list.
Your paper should be written in third person language only. Avoid using emotion-evoking words. Keep your wording objective. Your conclusion should be evidence-based and should clearly answer the question.
Drafts
The first draft (rough draft) of the entire paper will be submitted electronically. Your rough draft will be evaluated for whether at least 3 appropriate references are used (along with the proper reference format for those references), your success in writing to the level of a physician, your writing mechanics (organization, grammar and punctuation), and whether or not your conclusion provides an interpretation and professional opinion, not just a summary of the data from your references. A faculty member will provide a small amount of feedback for you to use to improve the draft for resubmission.
The final draft of the entire paper will be submitted electronically and evaluated on the same major criteria: number of references, writing mechanics, use of technical language (writing to the level of the reader), quality of information provided, provision of a professional conclusion/opinion.
The same evaluation rubric will be used for both drafts (see page 5)
The Introduction
The purpose of your introduction is to explain to your reader why the question you have been asked is important. It is traditional to use a heading of either “Introduction” or “Background.” In summary, plan to reference at least one common medicine resource (such as Harrison’s, Merck Manual or a published disease literature review article) and one common drug resource (such as LexiComp, Facts and Comparisons, package inserts, etc) in your introduction.
Your introduction will generally be two paragraphs in length. It should provide information about the disease state or condition for which the drug is used; your introduction should also include a description of the pharmacology of a drug, where appropriate. For example, if you were trying to answer the question, “Does the maternal use of caffeine during pregnancy adversely affect the child?” you might want to outline in the first paragraph information about the ubiquity of caffeine use, why pregnant women might consume caffeine, and adverse effects that can happen to the fetus during pregnancy. In the next paragraph you will outline how the pharmacologic effects of caffeine could decrease placental blood flow, leading to a relative hypoxemia and thus decreased fetal growth and/or development, or even cause fetal demise.
The last sentence in your introduction should transition your reader to the body of the paper. It should make your reader want to read on to examine the evidence regarding the question. Please do not phrase this last sentence as a question. Avoid the awkward, “This paper will examine…” transition style. Most importantly, do not answer your question in your transition sentence, in effect summarizing what your reader is about to read (why should the reader read any further if you have answered the question?).
The Body
The body of your paper should contain a series of paragraphs outlining one or two studies from the primary literature that answer the question. A reasonable heading for the body of your paper would be “Published Literature.”
How do you summarize a study in one paragraph?
The first sentence should include such information as the year the study was published, the type of study, the geographical setting, the number of subjects, and the study objective. It is unnecessary to use the first author’s name followed by “et al;” use of the first author’s name to describe a study is currently discouraged by medical writing experts.
After the first sentence should come two to three (2 -3) sentences summarizing the study methods. Note which drugs were compared and for how long (if the study is comparative). Also emphasize any notable methodologic aspects of the study that were particularly well done or that may have biased the results. Consider subject selection and measurement methods.
The results should then be summarized in two to four (2-4) sentences that report raw numbers as well as statistical significance. Try to limit your result information to the most important (as you see it) 2-3 pieces of information found in the results. Be sure that your summary contains the most interesting point that you gained from reviewing the journal article. This point may not be an important part of the results, but it should be something about the study that you felt was very educational, either in a positive or negative way.
In one sentence summarize the conclusion of the study investigators.
Follow with a few evaluative comments looking at strengths and weaknesses of the study. Be certain that any evaluative comments are supported by information in your study summary. Make at least one positive and one negative comment about each study you review in order to give your reader the feeling that you are objective.
The final statement in your paragraph should give your reader an idea of how the study fits into the answer to the drug information question.
The Conclusion
In your conclusion you will need to summarize the evidence you have reviewed and use it to form an evidence-based answer to the question posed at the start of your paper. Your recommendation should be practical, clear, and specific. If you are going to recommend the use of a drug in a particular disease state, it is best to also provide the dose, route, frequency, duration of therapy, and monitoring parameters, if appropriate. Remember not to say, “I recommend…” Instead, you will want to say what the evidence appears to support (for example, “There is inadequate evidence available to support the use of gorillacillin for acne”). Your conclusion will be judged on whether or not you answered the question, and whether or not your answer was evidence-based.
Reference list (AMA formatting)
References should be cited in text using a superscript number and listed in the references section at the end of the document in the same order used in the paper. (Per AMA style)
AIf the reference is primary literature, place in parenthesis at the end of the citation the secondary literature search used to find the primary paper. (see references 7 and 8 below as examples)
Your style should look like the following:
References
1. Sobel JD, Kaye D. Urinary tract infections. In: Mandel: Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases [Internet]. New York (NY): Churchill Livingston; c2000. Available from: http://www.mdconsult.com/
2. Cranberry. In: Review of Natural Products. [Internet] St. Louis (MO): Facts and Comparisons; c2005 [updated 2005 July] Available from: http://online.factsandcomparisons.com/
3. Cranberry. In: Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database [Internet]. Stockton (CA):Therapeutic Research Faculty; c1995-2005.Available from: http://www.therapeuticresearch.net/
4. Briggs S, Rouse JE. Cranberry. In: Alternative Medicine Evaluation [Internet]. Greenwood Village (CO): Thomson MICROMEDEX; c1974-2006. Available at: http://www.thomsonhc.com/
5. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and Urinary Tract Infection. [Internet] Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); c2003. Available at: http://nccam.nih.gov/research/concepts/consider/cranberry.htm
6. Can your diet prevent a urinary tract infection? [Internet] Santa Fe (NM): Web-based Health Education Foundation; c2005. [upated 2003 Apr 17; cited 2005 Sep 26]. http://www.healthandage.com/
7. Lowe FC, Fagleman E. Cranberry juice and urinary tract infections: what is the evidence? Urology 2001; 57:407-13. (PubMed)
8. Kontiokari T, Sundqvist K, Nuutinen M, Pokka T, Koskela M, Uhari M. Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. BMJ 2001;322:1571-5. (Google Scholar)
Consider the food web above depicting a terrestrial food web and a marine food web. In the Everglades, a freshwater marsh, terrestrial and aquatic environments are interconnected. The complexity of this unique ecosystem can be analyzed by constructing a food web to trace the flow of energy between organisms. Part 1: Your task for this project is to construct an illustrated food web to diagram trophic interactions in the Everglades ecosystem. The food web must be an original creation, you cannot submit a food web that you find online! You must use a minimum of 8 species that are found in the Everglades. You must indicate, using arrows or lines, the flow of energy between the species in your diagram. Be sure to upload your food web as an attachment in the assignment dropbox. Your constructed food web is worth 60 points. Click here for a resource that will allow you to identify plants and animals that are found in the Everglades. Part 2: Answer the following questions about the food web you constructed. Answers should be provided on a separate attachment in the assignment dropbox. Answers to the 10 questions using correct spelling and grammar are worth a total of 40 points. 1) List the producer(s) in your food web. 2) List the herbivores in your food web. 3) Are there any organisms in your food web that are omnivores? On which trophic levels are they feeding? 4) List the carnivores in your food web. 5) Identify and list a food chain within your food web that depicts at least three trophic levels. 7) Choose a primary consumer in your food web. If its population suddenly started to decline, what density-dependent (biotic) factors could be causing it? 8) Choose a secondary consumer in your food web. If its population suddenly started to increase, what density-dependent (biotic) factors could be causing it? 9) Are there any keystone species in your food web? If a keystone species were removed from your food web, how would its loss impact the other organisms? 10) Are there any endangered or threatened species in your food web? If the species goes extinct, how would its loss impact the other organisms? Your capstone project is worth a total of 100 points.
Review the case scenario included in this weeks media resources, and examine the process flow chart, cause/effect diagram, and Pareto chart related to the case scenario. In the scenario, the nurse manager and the director of pharmacy blame each other for the error. The facilitator (quality assurance person) asks everyone to avoid blaming and focus on applying the tools to analyze the data and get to the root cause of the error. While all of these tools contribute, for this Discussion, select one tool to analyze. Post each of the following: Describe the collaboration in the case study that led to effective problem solving. Identify the evidence you observe in the scenario that demonstrates effective collaboration and the avoidance of blaming. Explain the teams process in testing for and eliminating root causes that were not contributing. Select one of the performance improvement charts presented in the scenario and critique its effectiveness by explaining how it contributes to identifying the root cause and determining a solution to prevent repeat medication errors. Identify the contributing factors, and discuss how to prevent this kind of error from occurring in the future.
The Economics of Morality: Evaluating Living Wages Policies.” Compare pseudo, formal, and decision-theoretic evaluation. Which evaluation method do you feel would be most effective to determine whether the living wages policies had the intended effect?
Read the article below that was uploaded and answer the following questions in the form of an essay which should be no less than two full pages.
Tips: You could begin with a summary of the main points and/or arguments presented in the
material. Another option would be to start with a statement of what you think the authors
argument is or articulate the main point of the reading (i.e. Trouillot argues that…)
2) What points and or evidence are used to support these arguments/perspectives.
Tips: You can also choose to address the following questions: What form of expression best
describes the source under consideration? (type of music, type of written document, genre of art,
to name a few…) What type of evidence is offered to support their argument?
3) What is your perspective on the material under discussion and analysis?
Tips: Analyze the importance of the book to history and to our course: What or how does the
material contribute to our understanding of Latin American history? How does their approach
differ from or complement other sources we have studied? What interests or point of view might
shape the points/argument they present? Another approach would be to offer a critique. Critiques
can sometimes be an easier starting point when confronting a new work. They can be important
when seeking to understanding a new work, but more important still is appreciating how the
material can be useful.