Author: chris

For this last paper you have to choose ONE of the following FIVE CASE STUDIES (about Human Cloning and Euthanasia) and comment on the issues that you find most interesting with clear and logical explanations. Also comment on the moral implications that these issues have in our everyday life. You will see some questions below for each of the cases, you can use them as suggestions to guide your exposition. You have to write between 2 to 3 pages (not less!) double spaced, plus one more for your bibliography and footnotes. You must use at least one book or website for each case, making sure to include all sources on the bibliography page, (you can also use my lectures and the textbook, in addition to the other sources). Your grade will be affected if you don’t have all of these components.

CASE STUDIES: MY FATHER, MY SON (Human Cloning)

Dianne’s father was on his deathbed. Her father was an only child, and neither she nor her brother had any children, so Dianne decided she wanted to have her "father" as a baby. She wrote to a British geneticist, asking for information on cloning her father. "My father," she explained, "is a remarkable man and I intend to see that he goes on in the world … I am writing in the hope that you can help me find information on where human cloning may be performed now. There must be organizations that are actively pursuing cloning, and I want to contact them and see if there is a possibility of cloning my father. I have little time left to pursue this venture, and I would greatly appreciate your assistance." Dianne offered to be the host mother for the clone of her father.

Derek, who had an opportunity to read Dianne’s correspondence on the internet, was horrified at her request. "The desire to clone a passed-on loved one," he responded, "seems to me to be grotesque". It brings to mind the Stephen King book Pet Semetary. The clone would be a disappointment to the donor’s relatives, in that the original personality could never be completely duplicated. Additionally, the clone would not be able to live its own life; it would be forced to live a predefined, unattainable role

1. Discuss how you might respond to Dianne if she came to you, a geneticist, with her request.

2. Discuss whether the clone of Dianne’s father would be harmed by being a clone. Would it make a difference morally if Dianne’s father had concurred with her request? support your answer.

3. Discuss Derek’s initial reaction to Dianne’s request. How would Ridley most likely respond to Dianne’s request?

CASE STUDIES: JURASSIC PARK REVISITED (Human Cloning)

One of the proposed uses for cloning is to save endangered species by creating multiple clones of the few remaining members of the species. If this is morally acceptable, and even perhaps morally desirable, is it also morally acceptable to clone species that have already passed into extinction?
In his book Jurassic Park, author Michael Creighton envisions a world where extinct dinosaur species are resurrected by cloning DNA from fossils. On March 8, 1998, British newspapers announced that the DNA from 8,000 year-old human remains, which had been found in a cave in 1903, had been genetically linked to Adrian Targett, a living descendant of the cave dweller. In the not-too-distant future, it may be possible to clone DNA from prehistoric human remains or to use DNA fragments to alter the genes of a human or animal cell. Doing so might provide valuable information about human evolution and about other earlier species of humanoids.

In 1999 a team of scientist recovered a well-preserved 23,000-year-old woolly mammoth that was embedded in 26 tons of permafrost 477 miles north of the Arctic Circle. Although scientists had hoped to find some cloning-quality cells, they have so far been unsuccessful in cloning a mammoth.
While the prospect of bringing back the woolly mammoth is exciting for some, others are concerned that reintroducing extinct species will upset the balance of nature. Some people also fear that cloning programs for preserving endangered species may divert resources from efforts to save the natural habitats of these species.

1. Does Adrian Targett, as a direct descendent of the "cave dweller", have a reproductive right to clone his DNA? Support your answer. Discuss how Andrews and Nelkin might respond to this question?

2. Would a clone of an extinct species of humans be harmed by cloning, given that cloning is the only means of resurrecting the species? Does the fact that such a clone would not share the genotype of another living person overcome the objection that cloning violates the right of a person to have his or her own genotype? Support your answers.

CASE STUDIES: USING CLONES AS ORGAN DONORS (Human Cloning)

One of the proposed uses of genetic engineering is the creation of human organs for transplantation to use as an alternative to xenoplants. One method of doing this would be to clone a person’s own cells and then use the embryonic stem cells to grow the needed tissue of organ.
Jeremy has been waiting for a kidney transplant for two years and despairs of ever getting one. He knows that his odds of getting the kidney he so badly needs from a compatible human donor are probably only about 5 percent.
He has heard hat physicians have been conducting experiments using xenoplants from pigs with limited success. Jeremy, however, feels uneasy about having a xenoplant , in part because of rumors that those people who have been
infected with a potentially deadly virus from the transplanted organs (a rumor vehemently denied by the scientists running the experiments).

His physician tells him of an experiment using embryonic stem cells to grow organs. The process entails creating a clone of Jeremy and then aborting the embryo so that the embryo’s stem cells can be harvested. The process, the physician tells him, can be carried out in vitro in a newly created "artificial womb,". However, the success rate is getting the stem cells to differentiate into a functional kidney is very low, and it may take many attempts before the procedure is successful, if al all. Jeremy is opposed to abortion but also realizes that this may be his only chance for survival.

1. Many people consider a brain a prerequisite for personhood. Biologists have already succeeded in creating mouse embryos that fail to develop a head. According to British biologist Jonathan Slack, we could do the same with human embryos. These headless and, hence, nonsentient humans, he says, could serve as "organ sacs" for organ transplants as well as subjects for medical research.
Discuss the moral issues involved in genetically engineering and cloning headless humans for organ transplants and medical research.

CASE STUDIES: DONALD COWART: "PLEASE, LET ME DIE" (Euthanasia)

In 1973 twenty-six-year-old jet pilot and sometime rodeo performer Donald Cowart was standing in a field with his father when there was a violent explosion caused by leaking gas. The explosion killed his father and sent Donald, whose body was engulfed in flames, running for half a mile. When a farmer found him, Cowart, who was in excruciating pain form burns covering more than 65 percent of his body, asked for a gun so he could kill himself. The farmer refused his request and called an ambulance, Cowart asked the paramedics not to drive him to the hospital but to leave him in the field to die. They instead administered lifesaving measures and took him to the hospital.
At the hospital Cowart was subjected to daily baths in a chlorine bleach solution to clean his sores. He lost both of his eyes and all his fingers and underwent several operations for skin grafts and amputations. After he was released from the hospital, Cowart attempted suicide several times. Eventually, he completed a law degree. Cowart frequently speaks at medical conferences on issues relating to euthanasia. He still insists that the hospital staff who treated him for his burns violated his right to self-determination in keeping him alive.

1. Discuss whether the paramedics did the morally right thing in treating Cowart, even though he asked them not to. What moral principles and concerns are relevant to this decision?

2. Imagine that you are Cowart’s best friend and that you, rather than the farmer, found him. What is your moral duty as his friend? Discuss whether the fact that you are his friend, rather than a stranger or a medical professional, is relevant in making your decision to end his suffering or call an ambulance. Would your decision have been different if this incident had occurred in a war, or in the wilderness where there was no medical assistance available?

CASE STUDIES: "FINAL EXIT": HOW TO COMMIT SUICIDE (Euthanasia)

In February 2000, "Final Exit", a show on how to commit suicide, was aired on late-night cable television in two Oregon cities. The program, which was produced by Hemlock Society founder Derek Humphry, laid out in detail the tools and drugs needed to end one’s life quickly and painlessly. it also offered practical advice on "keeping clear of the law" and, for the friends and family of the deceased, "dealing with the aftermath." The show was also intended to raise public support against proposed federal legislation that would impose sanctions on physicians who prescribe lethal drugs to their terminally ill patients.

Although physician-assisted suicide is legal in Oregon, Barbara Coombs lee, who led the initiative to get the bill passed, criticized the video as "irresponsible and potentially dangerous for some people… There is information about how a person could die using very readily available tools and drugs, and for some people who may be mentally unbalanced or acting impulsively, that could be dangerous information."

In response, the cable station and the producers of the show pointed out that this information is already widely available. The program was based on Humphry’s book,
Final Exit, which has sold over one million copies and is available in twelve languages. The book is also available on audiocassette and on Humphry’s internet site. "I feel strongly," says Cindy Noblitt, co-producer of the video, "that if we are truly free, that an individual should have the right to decide when and how to end their lives … I think it’s a central role of the media to provide complete and accurate information to the public that they may need to make those hard decisions in their lives."

1. Should there be limits on freedom of speech when it comes to publicizing methods for killing oneself or others? Should suicide machines such as Kevorkian’s Mercitron or Australian Dr. Nitschke’s "COGen" machine (a machine that the Hemlock Society hopes to market that pumps carbon dioxide through a nasal tube and is used with a sedative to assist a person to die) be made available to the general public?

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The Seventeen-Article Constitution
the Nihon Shoki is a passage from the seventeen-article constitution promulgated in 604 C.E. Although the opening section reflects Chinese influence in its emphasis on social harmony, there is also a string focus on obedience and hierarchy. The constitution was put into practice during the reign of the famous Prince Shotoku.

Question: What are the key components in this first constitution in the history of japan? To what degree do its provisions conform to Confucian principles in China?

An Annotated Bibliography will be developed including Five (100 word minimum) Annotated Citations. With the exception of the first annotated citation, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th annotated citations will be based on topics obtained from the Language Development Hypotheses in the list provided below:

1. The effects of watching television for young children are detrimental to language development.
2. The number of siblings and their position in the family in terms of birth effects language development.
3. Increased opportunities to experience (play with) many objects as a young child is beneficial to concept (and hence) language development.
4. Letting the infant cry at night so that she/she will learn to sleep all night long is detrimental to language development if not the psychological development of the baby.
5. Exposing the child in the first five years of life to classical music like Bach and Beethoven is beneficial for cognitive and/or language development.
6. The more you talk to a child in the first five years, the better cognitive and/or language development will be.
7. Children who are read to (or who read) have better imagery and/or language development than children who watch Television.
8. A plentiful diet of sugar based cereals, soft drinks, pastries, cookies, and/or fast foods, is developmentally detrimental to a child’s ability to sustain attention.
9. Reading to a child every day (even an infant) is beneficial for language development.
10.A baby, who immediately after birth is allowed to remain with the mother rather than being immediately put in a nursery, will demonstrate more vocalization in later months.
11.Babies who are not touched will perish at worst or have diminished brain development at best.
12.Children who watch Television spend less time reading or drawing than children who don’t.
13.Children with stay-at-home moms (or dads) have better language development than those having parents who both work away from the home.
14.Sustained middle ear infections among children from birth to 5 years will have a detrimental effect on language development.
15.Learning to read and play music facilitates attention (focused, sustained, selective, alternating and dual).
16.For the normal baby, being exposed to two, three or more languages is simultaneously is a good policy for language development.
17.A person’s first language can not be acquired after puberty.
18.Parrots, porpoises, and/or primates do not acquire language
19.Children have better eidetic imagery than adults
20.Syntax is only found in human communication.
21.(Wild Card) You develop a hypotheses and then do the research for your report. But be sure to clear this with the instructor first.

(Please note that you don’t have to prove the hypotheses one way or the other. Just discuss them as you see fit. Excluding the first annotated citation, you may address all references to one Topic, or use separate topics for each reference)

The First annotated citation will be on the Topic of the “Legal and Ethical Dimensions of the Use of Information.” This information can be obtained from the Internet using a search engine such as Google Scholar. The annotated citation should be in APA format and should include the URL (address) of the of the internet site. The annotation should provide an overview of the discussion and/or list the most critical points.

From the 2nd citation to the 5th one, keep in mind that the citations will be based on the topics provided above.

The second two of these citations will be obtained through Databases of professional books and journals available through any Library or any Library Source. These citations will be reported in APA format. Included in the annotation portion of each citation will be a paragraph which addresses briefly each following questions:

1. What is the background (authority) of the author (viz., degree and type of education, affiliated institution, history of research in the area as perhaps reflected by past articles in the bibliography)?

2. Who is the intended audience (i.e., professionals, laypersons, women etc.)?

3. How dose this work compare or contrast with another you may have cited or be aware of?

4. What is the scope and relevance of this work to the selected topic (hypothesis)?

The Last Two citations will be obtained through the Internet using search engines provided online such as “Google Scholar.” These citations will follow an APA format as closely as possible, including the URL information. Included in each citation will be a paragraph which addresses the following questions related to, for the purpose of this exercise, the voracity of the Website:

1. Is the site owner/manager’s identity available and is it associated with a reputable organization, company or educational institution?

2. What is the background (authority) of the author (viz., degree and type of education, affiliated institution, history of research in the area as perhaps reflected by past articles in the bibliography)

3. What is the level of objectivity? For example, are there advertisements on the site related in anyway to the topic?

4. Is the Website current? Cues to the contrary, for example, include broken or expired links and/or no posting date or updated notations.

5. Is the information correct; error free, verifiable, and/or backed by full citations?

Use the University Library or the Electronic Reserve Readings to locate a peer-reviewed article that reports original research and pertains to a specific, stated hypothesis that was used to validate a research study.

Use major databases in the Online Collection and the key search words research studies in to obtain an article.

Select communication, finance, economics, marketing, technology, or another faculty approved topic for the research study.

Prepare a 350- to 700-word analysis of your selected article. Start by identifying and summarizing the hypothesis described in the article.

Explain whether the hypothesis was rejected or accepted and what the implications of this finding are for the study.

1. Write a statement giving essential information about the book: title, author, first copyright date, type of book, general subject matter, special features (maps, color plates, etc.), price and ISBN.

2. State the author’s purpose in writing the book. Sometimes authors state their purpose in the preface or the first chapter. When they do not, you may arrive at an understanding of the book’s purpose by asking yourself these questions:
a. Why did the author write on this subject rather than on some other subject?
b. From what point of view is the work written?
c. Was the author trying to give information, to explain something technical, to convince the reader of a belief’s validity by dramatizing it in action?
d. What is the general field or genre, and how does the book fit into it? (Use outside sources to familiarize yourself with the field, if necessary.) Knowledge of the genre means understanding the art form. and how it functions.
e. Who is the intended audience?
f. What is the author’s style? Is it formal or informal? Evaluate the quality of the writing style by using some of the following standards: coherence, clarity, originality, forcefulness, correct use of technical words, conciseness, fullness of development, fluidity. Does it suit the intended audience?
g. Scan the Table of Contents, it can help understand how the book is organized and will aid in determining the author’s main ideas and how they are developed – chronologically, topically, etc.
g. How did the book affect you? Were any previous ideas you had on the subject changed, abandoned, or reinforced due to this book? How is the book related to your own course or personal agenda? What personal experiences you’ve had relate to the subject?
h. How well has the book achieved its goal?
i. Would you recommend this book or article to others? Why?

3. State the theme and the thesis of the book.
a. Theme: The theme is the subject or topic. It is not necessarily the title, and it is usually not expressed in a complete sentence. It expresses a specific phase of the general subject matter.
b. Thesis: The thesis is an author’s generalization about the theme, the author’s beliefs about something important, the book’s philosophical conclusion, or the proposition the author means to prove. Express it without metaphor or other figurative language, in one declarative sentence.
Example
Title: We Had it Made
General Subject Matter: Religious Intolerance
Theme: The effects of religious intolerance on a small town
Thesis: Religious intolerance, a sickness of individuals, contaminates an entire social group

4. Explain the method of development-the way the author supports the thesis. Illustrate your remarks with specific references and quotations. In general, authors tend to use the following methods, exclusively or in combination.
a. Description: The author presents word-pictures of scenes and events by giving specific details that appeal to the five senses, or to the reader’s imagination. Description presents background and setting. Its primary purpose is to help the reader realize, through as many sensuous details as possible, the way things (and people) are, in the episodes being described.
b. Narration: The author tells the story of a series of events, usually presented in chronological order. In a novel however, chronological order may be violated for the sake of the plot. The emphasis in narration, in both fiction and non-fiction, is on the events. Narration tells what has happened. Its primary purpose is to tell a story.
c. Exposition: The author uses explanation and analysis to present a subject or to clarify an idea. Exposition presents the facts about a subject or an issue as clearly and impartially as possible. Its primary purpose is to explain.
d. Argument: The author uses the techniques of persuasion to establish the truth of a statement or to convince the reader of its falsity. The purpose is to persuade the reader to believe something and perhaps to act on that belief. Argument takes sides on an issue. Its primary purpose is to convince.

5. Evaluate the book for interest, accuracy, objectivity, importance, thoroughness, and usefulness to its intended audience. Show whether the author’s main arguments are true. Respond to the author’s opinions. What do you agree or disagree with? And why? Illustrate whether or not any conclusions drawn are derived logically from the evidence. Explore issues the book raises. What possibilities does the book suggest? What has the author omitted or what problems were left unsolved? What specific points are not convincing? Compare it with other books on similar subjects or other books by the same as well as different authors. Is it only a reworking of earlier books; a refutation of previous positions? Have newly uncovered sources justified a new approach by the author? Comment on parts of particular interest, and point out anything that seems to give the book literary merit. Relate the book to larger issues.

6. Try to find further information about the author – reputation, qualifications, influences, biographical, etc. – any information that is relevant to the book being reviewed and that would help to establish the author’s authority. Can you discern any connections between the author’s philosophy, life experience and the reviewed book?
7. If relevant, make note of the book’s format – layout, binding, typography, etc. Are there maps, illustrations? Do they aid understanding?

8. Check the back matter. Is the index accurate? Check any end notes or footnotes as you read from chapter to chapter. Do they provide important additional information? Do they clarify or extend points made in the body of the text? Check any bibliography the author may provide. What kinds of sources, primary or secondary, appear in the bibliography? How does the author make use of them? Make note of important omissions.
9. Summarize (briefly), analyze, and comment on the book’s content. State your general conclusions. Pay particular attention to the author’s concluding chapter. Is the summary convincing? List the principal topics, and briefly summarize the author’s ideas about these topics, main points, and conclusions. Use specific references and quotations to support your statements. If your thesis has been well argued, the conclusion should follow naturally. It can include a final assessment or simply restate your thesis. Do not introduce new material at this point.

*** Note: This article states that a book review can be very short but I caution you that the length is not as important as the substance of your review. Make sure you read this entire document before you attempt to write your book review.

Digestion aid assignment

Visit a drug store or health food store and examine the many products that claim to aid in digestion. Choose one to investigate.
What is the name of the product? Who is the manufacturer? Which drugstore/health food store did you find this product
What are the claims made for this particular product?
What are the bases for these claims? Have any studies been done that are used as a rationale for the use of this product? Please discuss these studies and give a reference.
If there aren’t any studies discussed, what is the rationale for the use of this product?
What are the directions for taking this product?
Investigate this product on the internet. Is there additional material or information?
Is there any stated risk or precautions in the use of this product? Describe.
Would you personally take this product or recommend this product to someone who has the stated problem for which this product is designed?
Why or why not?

Field Experience 5 Observation/Interview – Specially Designed Instructional Strategies

(Observation/Interview) Writer act like you observed a general education teacher third grade and a special education teacher and then interview both to discuss strategies experienced educators use to provide specially designed instruction that meet the needs of students with mild disabilities in general education classrooms.

Deliverable: Reflective Paper: write a 3 page summary/reflection of their interview with a general education teacher and a special education teacher who collaborate to provide specially designed instruction to meet the needs of exceptional learners in inclusive general education classrooms. Your interview, summary and reflections should focus on the following CEC Knowledge and Skills Standards.

CC4S1 Use strategies to facilitate integration into various settings.
CC4S3 Select, adapt, and use instructional strategies and materials according to characteristics of the individual with exceptional learning needs.
CC4S4 Use strategies to facilitate maintenance and generalization of skills across learning environments.
CC5S7 Establish and maintain rapport with individuals with and without exceptional learning needs.
CC5S12 Design and manage daily routines.
CC9S11 Reflect on one’s practice to improve instruction and guide professional growth.
CC10S6 Collaborate with school personnel and community members in integrating individuals with exceptional learning needs into various settings

You need to answer the following question, make and introduction and a conclusion and please use at least 6 journals out of 10 required references
-Question
Technology is making communication easier in today’s business world, but often at the expense of personal contact as many people choose to work at home in front of a computer screen. What dangers are there for a society which depends on computer screens rather than face-to-face contact for its main means of communication?
IMPORTANT: the essay will be submitted in turnitin so please do not copy exactly the same from any source or any another student paper.
ALSO IMPORTANT: the following are some of the teacher criteria evaluation, so please do the essay taking under consideration the following criteria.
1- What should an essay introduction do?
• Give general opening statements/background info.
• Re-state the set question
• Provide thesis statement
• Mention what will be included
2- What should an essay conclusion do?
• Re-state the question
• Re-state the thesis statement
• Summarise main arguments/ideas briefly
• Make final comments/recommendations

3- If your paragraphs are well structured:
• Your arguments will be well presented.
• Your arguments will be effectively structured.
• Your writing will be logical.
• Your writing will be clearer.
• It will make your writing easier to read.
4- Academic writing
• Formal register / NOT chatty!
• Generally, not written in the 1st person/ no ‘me’, ‘I’ or ‘my’
• No contractions e.g. can’t/ isn’t/ won’t
• Highly structured
• Avoids vague imprecise language
• Research based
• Impersonal & emotionally neutral
• Not opinion based writing usually
• Shows range of academic vocabulary
• Lack of personal pronouns
• Shows critical thinking & analysis –not just descriptive
• Greater use of the passive voice
• High levels of accurate grammar, spelling and punctuation needed
5- CRITICAL ANALYSIS: Very Very important
Critical thinking has been described as “reasonable reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do.â€

Identify a probiotic containing product. What is the name of the product? Who is the manufacturer?

What are the claims made for this particular product? What are the probiotic microbes present in this product?

Conduct an internet search to find if there is some research to back the health claims specific to the probiotic microbes mentioned on the product . Is there any research towards the viability of the probiotics in the selected host food? Discuss

Personally, would you take this product? Why/why not?

SUBDOMAIN 111.1 – UNITED STATES HISTORY

Competency 111.1.2: European Exploration and Colonization – The graduate can describe and discuss European exploration and colonization of North America prior to the American Revolution.

Objective 111.1.2-07: Compare and contrast the cultures of the New England, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern colonies.

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Given:

The early British colonies in America had unique cultural characteristics that distinguished them from one another, including religious and economic practices, lifestyles, and relationships with both Britain and the other colonies. Early British colonies were divided geographically into three areas: the New England (Plymouth, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island), Mid-Atlantic (New Sweden/Delaware, New Jersey, New Amsterdam/New York, Pennsylvania), and Southern (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia) colonies.

Task:

Note: You will need to use additional resources to complete this task.

In an essay (suggested length of 2–4 pages):

A. Identify at least two cultural characteristics or traits for each of the following:

1. One New England colony

2. One Mid-Atlantic colony

3. One Southern colony

B. Compare and contrast the cultural characteristics you have identified for these three colonies.

C. Include all in-text citations and references in APA format.

UHT1 – SSS 111.1.2-07

Export to Word

Unacceptable

Needs Revision

Meets Standard

Exemplary

Score/Level

Communication Holistic

The work is difficult to follow and is confusing.

The work needs clarification and other revision.

The work is easy to follow and understand.

The work is extremely clear and easy to understand.

Mechanics
(grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc.)

The work contains 5 or more minor errors and some major errors.

The work contains 3–4 minor errors and no major errors.

The work contains 1–2 minor errors and no major errors.

The work contains no minor or major errors.

Style (word choice, sentence structure, etc.)

The writing style is characterized by poor sentence structure, limited vocabulary, and inappropriate word choice.

The writing style is characterized by some sentence variation, adequate but limited vocabulary, and poor word choice.

The writing style is characterized by varied sentence structure, solid vocabulary, and accurate word choice.

The writing style is characterized by highly varied sentence structure, vivid vocabulary, and accurate word choice.

A1. Characteristics of a New England Colony

The candidate does not identify any cultural characteristics of a New England colony.

The candidate accurately identifies only 1 cultural characteristic of a New England colony.

The candidate accurately identifies 2 cultural characteristics of a New England colony.

The candidate accurately identifies more than 2 cultural characteristics of a New England colony.

A2. Characteristics of a Mid-Atlantic Colony

The candidate does not identify any cultural characteristics of a Mid-Atlantic colony.

The candidate accurately identifies only 1 cultural characteristic of a Mid-Atlantic colony.

The candidate accurately identifies 2 cultural characteristics of a Mid-Atlantic colony.

The candidate accurately identifies more than 2 cultural characteristics of a Mid-Atlantic colony.

A3. Characteristics of a Southern Colony

The candidate does not identify any cultural characteristics of a Southern colony.

The candidate accurately identifies only 1 cultural characteristic of a Southern colony.

The candidate accurately identifies 2 cultural characteristics of a Southern colony.

The candidate accurately identifies more than 2 cultural characteristics of a Southern colony.

B. Compare and Contrast

The candidate does not compare and contrast the cultural characteristics of the selected colonies.

The candidate inappropriately compares and contrasts the cultural characteristics of the selected colonies.

The candidate appropriately compares and contrasts the cultural characteristics of the selected colonies.

The candidate appropriately compares and contrasts the cultural characteristics of the selected colonies with supporting evidence.

C. In-Text Citations and References in APA Format

The candidate does not provide in-text citations or references, or there are major APA formatting errors that significantly disrupt the comprehensibility of the submission.

The candidate provides in-text citations and references, but there are several major APA formatting errors.

The candidate provides in-text citations and references, and any APA formatting errors are minor and do not disrupt the comprehensibility of the submission.

The candidate provides in-text citations and references that do not contain readily detectable errors.

Overall Holistic

Unacceptable

Needs Revision

Meets Standard

Exemplary